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Bulletin No. 47 iM ME LEIGHTON July 16, 1922. 


COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 


| DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS 
‘ James F, Woodward, Secretary 


BUREAU OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
George H, Ashley, State Geologist 


MANGANESE OCCURRENCES IN EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA 
By 
Benjamin L, Miller* 


- Contents ‘= 


PP OOMO LON ee) x ‘ en ses 
Manganese deposits associated. with limonite ore PS ale santa 
eee MMU ie owe e eh eS A ee Te , 
RULE LUCIO Y AS: a. + HUNG Vie “A UY Oe ee Sa a 
Manganese deposits associated with mage tite and hematite 
9 9, o 8 er , ‘ BA ig 2 aA ng Ae a ta 
Manganese deposits unassoc ia ted wi th iron ‘ores Say Rh aE 
future of the manganese mining industry in eastern 
RI eer LO IS eo kg 


- 

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. 

* - a 


* ’ > 


° 2 ‘ ¢ 2 


Introduction, 


Prior to the World War the general public in this country v 
It was probably known that mang 


little interested,in manganese. 


entered into the manufacture of certain varieties of steel but th 


source of the ores was a mitter of little consequence. 


been mined in scores of loecnlities in the United States, but 


mining wascdesultory in character and the cou: 


128 
cs A 


wre 


er. tune 
Wi + h 


few exceptions, such as the deposit at Crimora, Virginia, most of the 
1try imported practical 


2 


— 


all the manganese ores required for the continually increasing qubpnt 


of manganese steel, 
India. 


* Professor of Geology, Lehigh University. 


Note: This report was prepared in 1918 at the request of . R. 


then State Geologist. 


The bulk of the manganese came from Russia. 


and 


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The outbreak of the war entirely changed the manganese situation 
in a very short time. The importations of ore from Russia and India 
practically ceased and at the same time the demand for manganese steel 
increased very rapidly on account of its use in the manufacture of 
munitions. The deposits in Brazil, which until then had not been 
worked extensively, for a time supplied nearly 211 our needs but on 
aocount of the scarcity of ships snd the high costs of transportation 
the price of manganese ore continued to rise to a point that stimu- 
lated search for supplies nearer at hand. When the United States 
entered the war the Government, through various bureaus, put forth 
Strong efforts to develop our domestic supplies md with such success 
that it is now believed domestic ores may in time satisfy our needs 
under normal conditions, Some foreign manganese ores may be utilized 
by the steel plants near the Atlantic Coast but certainly in smaller 
quantities than in previous years, 


In the revival of the manganese mining industry an inventory of 
the manganese deposits has been taken and all available infomation 
concerning promising localities has been sought. Although Pennsyl- 
vania has not participated in the mangenese mining activities for the 
past few years, the fact that manganese minerals are known to occur 
in many sections has not been overlooked and frequent inquiries have 
been made, The purpose of this bulletin is to call attention to the 
manner of occurrence of the ores in the State with the idea of 
directing attention to the most promising localities for further 
explorations and to prevent the useless expenditure of time and money 
in unlikely sections, 


Throughout eastem Pennsylvanian there is abundant evidence of 
the wide distribution of manganese in both the sedimentary and meta- 
morphic rocks but more especially in the various gneisses, sandstones 
and shales, Dendrites of manganese dioxide are commonly found in the 
joint planes of the weathered rocks and in many places manganese 
oxides segregated in larger quantities in the residual clays as wad, 
psilomelane, or pyrolusite, 


The most important manganese occurrences of eastern Pennsylvania 
may be grouped into three classes as follows: (1) deposits associated 
With limonite‘ores, (2) deposits in association with magmetite and 
hematite ores, and (3) deposits unassociated with iron ores, 


MANGANESE DEPOSITS ASSOCIATED WITH LIMONITE ORES, 


The original source of the manganese minerals is found in the 
ancient gneisses which almost invariably, on careful analysis, show 
traces of manganese, usuelly less than one per cent, The manganese 
enters into the molecular composition of the amphiboles or pyroxenes 
which consf#itute a considerable part of the gneisses, The percentage 
of manganese present in these ferro-magnesian minerals is variable 
and in the case of the Pennsylvania gneisses has not been carefully 
investigatec,. 


It seems probable that most of the sandstones and shales of 
eastern Pennsylvania have been formed by the transportation and 


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deposition in shallow seas of the weathered products of rocks similar 
to the gneisses still remaining in the southeastern part of the State. 
Consequently it is to be expected tmt the sandy and clayey deposits 
should likewise show traces of manganese minerals, The limestones also 
contain manganese but in the form of the carbonate which is not 
recognizable in the rocks, The residual limestone clays in some 
instances contain appreciable smounts of manganese oxides although in 
general in lesser quantities than in the weathered residues of the 
terrigenous strata which in the main accumulated closer to the shore. 


The original rock minerals that contain manganese also contain 
iron and in larger quantities than the manganese. Under the influence 
of atmospheric alteration both the iron and manganese are converted 
into hydrous oxides that are dissolved md precipitated under prac~ 
tically the same conditions; for this reason the hydrous oxides of 
iron and menganese are usually found in close association in the 
weathered products of rock decomposition, In places the manganese 
oxides are separate from the iron oxides but generally not. 


Workable deposits of limonite ore (commonly termed "brown hema- 
tite" by the miners) formed by the segregation of the iron oxide by 
meteoric waters are widely distributed throughout eastern Pennsyl- 
vania. During the latter half of the last century several thousand 
iron mines were operated in the State, most of which were working 
limonite ores. A few mines of this kind are still in operation 
despite the competition of the higher grade ores that are brought 
into the region from the Lake Superior district, and Adirondacks, 
northern New Jersey, and from foreign countries. Many people believe 
that the time is not far distant when it will be profitable to re-open 
some of the mines ‘more favorably situated with respect to transpor- 
tation facilities, provided the supply of ore is large enough to 
warrant the necessary expenditure for proper equipment. Most of the 
deposits contained limited quantities of ore and were worked for 
only a short time, but there were a number which yielded upwards of 
& hundred thousand tons and were closed without being exhausted, 


Almost all the limonite ores, formed in the manner indicated, 
contain some manganese and in many of the mines the general run of 
the ore averaged from one to three per cent of manganese. Where the 
manganese is associated with the iron ore its presence is indicated: 
by the darker color of the ore, In’‘the case of the limonite gecdes, 
Which are abundant in certain mines, there is a tendency for the 
manganese oxides to be present in largest quantity in the inner 
layers thet commonly possess a fibrous structure and have betryoidal 
surfaces. Where the manganese oxides are separate from the limonite 
they are found in pockets or in thin streaks within the iron ore 
masses. Instances have been reported of the miners picking out and 
discarding the small pieces of pyrolusite and psilomelane under the 
impression that. they were impurities. On the contrary these ores 
were actually more valuable and in localities where the true chrracter 
of such ore was appreciated. there was an active demand for them for 
the production of basic iron, 


Another rather common way in which manganese occurs in associa- 
tion with iron ores is in the ,soft, or even pulverulent, form known 


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as "wad." This material was always lost. Seldom was it removed from 
the mine but if so it was washed away with the clay in the log 
washers. 


During the nearly fifty years in which there was active mining 
of the limonite ores many deposits were worked in which the manganese 
content of certain parts of the ore body was sufficiently high to 
cause them to be classed as manganese ores. It is difficult to 
obtain accurate information, but there were probably many cases in 
which small shipments of mnganese ore were made from time to time. 
So far as known, however, mining of the manganese was incidental to 
that of the iron ore and is properly regarded as a by-product, Under 
these conditions it appears improbable that there sre many manganese 
deposits of special promise thus far discovered in eastern Pennsyl- 
vania that would justify the opening of mines, On the other hand it 
must be recalled that the geologic conditions of the southeastern 
portion of the State are similar to those of the southern Piedmont 
plateau and Appalachian regions where a number’of valuable manganese 
deposits have been recently worked in Virginia, Georgia and Alabama, 
Notwithstanding ’the exploration thet has been done by the iron mines 
in Pennsylvania, it is possible that promising deposits of manganese 
ores may have been overlooked. In the descriptions that follow only 
a small number of places are mentioned but they are typical of others 
of the same class, 


The limonite ore deposits are divided into two classes, the 
“mountain ores" and the "valley ores", so named on account of their 
location but also distinguished by their geologic occurrence anc 
characteristics, The mountain ores of Pennsylvania are situated on 
the slope of the mountains’and occur in close association with sand- 
stones or quartzitic rocks, whereas the valley ores are present in 
the valleys underlain by limestone. 


In both cases the limonite is apt to be associated with the more 
Shaly portions of the sandstone or limestone strata and these shales 
have given rise to the vari-colored clays in which the ores have 
been segregated through the action of circulating water. Manganese 
minerals are, in general, more abundant in the mountain ores although 
high manganese iron ores have been obtained from the valley deposits 
and occasional shipments of manganese ore have been made from both 
classes of ore, 


Lehigh County, The mountain ores have been worked in numerous 
places along the northern or northwestem slopes of South Mountain 
(also termed the Durham and Reading Hills) 211 the way from Easton 
to Reading. In most places the ore bodies occur at or near the oon- 
tact of the Cambrian (Hardyston formation) sandstones or quartzites 
and the underlying gneisses. Northeast of Emaus, along the slope of 
the mountain, iron ore has been mined in 4 practically continuous 
belt for several miles and to the southwest there are many old mines 
along the outcrop of the basal Cambrian rocks near Macungie, Alburtis, 
Topton, Fleetwood and other places, Nearly all the ores from these 
Mines contained an appreciable quantity of manganese and one can 
still pick up numerous specimens of m=nganese ore on the old mine 
dumps. Prime* states that in one of the mines northeast of Emus » 


1g Tr pena test a te AS jee eh A RE cs - m amg R F R  emty ~—r  Yero-  RRRRDRACD  OnERT— WeO an oad 
Prime Jr., Frederick, Report DD, Second Geological Survey of Pa., 
pp 27-29 1878 


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there was "a small nest of black oxide of manganese, 8 inches thick, 
which has been worked out. The ore lay directly against the Potsdam 
(Hardyston) sandstone." He also gives the analysis of 2 sample of 
ore from another mine in the same locality: 


Analysis of manganiferous iron ore near Emaus, Pa, 


Per Cent 
Iron - - ~ - = « mee ee = = 69,250 
Manganese ----+-+-+-- = 5.512 
sulphur a ee ae pean aaa mee a eile ae | a - @) PY O29 
Phosphorus - -~ -----+ + = 0.149 
‘Insoluble Residue - - - - « 21,830 


Both these mines have long been abandoned and little data can be 
obtained regarding the ore deposits, A mine of similar character 1% 
miles southeast of Hellertown, knovm as the Wharton mine, was worked 
by the Thomas Iron Company as late as 1908 but was finally closed on 
account of the dangerous condition of the shift even though there 
Seemed to be considerable ore in sight at the time. The iron ore 
from this mine averaged about two per cent manganese and was always 
in great demand by the iron furnaces of the vicinity. Occasional 
Specimens of streaks of practically pure manganese oxide were en- 
countered but so far as known no attempt was ever made to separate 
them from the associated iron ores, An analysis by the Thomas Iron 
Company of the specimen showing dendritic structure follows: 


Analysis of manganese ore from Wharton mine, Emaus, Pa. 


Per Cent 
Iron re ae ae gs ere Se Se | ee Ne ee es .868 
Silica Neth Ran eee BN ia ead EM at gas oo gad Mes -. 246 
Phosphorus - = ---=--+--- - 046 
Manganese ----+-=-+-<-+- 62.72 


a'Invilliers* gives an analysis of limonite‘ore from an old open- 
cut iron mine on the north flank of Furnace Hill, about 15 miles 
southwest of Pricetown, Berks County, It is as follows: 


Analysis of limonite ore from Pricetown, Pa. 


Per Cent 
Iron -- - = == = --_ = = = = 40,050 
Manganese --+--*+-2+-=-+-+7- 3.514 
Sulphur - = --5+-+-+-*+-e+:- 003 
Phosphorus - - = +=|-+--+ = sbee 


Siliceous matter ~ - - - - - 22.440 


d'Invilliers, E. V.: Report D 3, Vol. II Second Geological Survey 
of Pa., pp. 362-363, 1883 


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One of the most important occurrences of manganese ores in the 
valley limonite ore mines of the State is in the Ironton mines about 
two miles northwest of Egypt, Lehigh County. Mining of iron ore has 
been carried on in that section almost continuously for more than 
half a century and at the present time (1918) the Thomas Iron Company 
is engaged in new and rather extensive operations. The mine 18 nedér 
the contact of the Beekmantown limestone ond Martinsburg slates and 
the ore, consisting of limonite geodes (bomb-shell ore) or large _ 
masses of cavernous shaly materials, is included within yellow, white, 
or black clays representing the residuum of shaly layers of limestone. 
Bands of the cavernous ore 30 to 40 feet in thickness and of even 
greater extent in a vertical direction have been found. The mass of 
clay containing the ore occupies a great depression in the limestone. 
Mining operations have encountered the underlying limestone in 
Several places but commonly mining at depths exceeding 200 feet hes 
failed to reach the bottom of the surficial clay. 


Prime* gives the following description of manganese ores in the 
Ironton mines: "Black oxide of manganese (psilomelane) has been twice 
met with in considerable quantities, in both cases forming local beds. 
Once, three years 2go, in 2 deposit over a portion of the brown hem2- 
tite, from which a good many tons were taken, and more recently 
(1875) in the deepest portion of the mine, just above the limestone. 
The deposit has been exhausted since it was visited, several hundred 
tons heving been taken from it. This last bed laid under the brown 
hematite ore, being separated from it by a red clay, and its 
presence in this position is most probably due to the greater solu- 
bility of the salts of manganese compared to those of iron, The 
following are various analyses made of this ore: 


Analyses of manganese ore from Ironton mines, Lehigh County, Pa. 


se z 

Per cent Per cent 

SR ete ae RAN alr tian” on ont a eh dh SEB. A) OR eee ae 
Manganese. binoxide - ~ - - - - ~ -77,960 84.88 
- Mangenous oxide - ------ - ~ 4,820 3.77 

Ferric oxide - ------ = mine B.660 5 0 ews dine 

Raya eit area ee a ee ee OUTED. py ween ae = 
Oxide of cobalt ---+-+-+e-+-+-* 0.390 1,68 
Oxide of nickel - - -----+- - Trace Trace 

Cupric oxide - = - --+-+-+-+-+-e+e Trace i -W-<«<-<« 
Baryta = --=-==-\2--+-+- <8*e*- 0.152 Trace 
WIMe) Rie Tei ee See Se ae 0.770 1,90 
Magnesia - -.---+-+5-+-+--+*-+-- 0,236 0.79 
Soda - ---+-+*+-+-ee52 +720 0.368 0.19 
Potash <- ~-<- =--=-=5= «85 -=-« +++ = 3,042 3,50 

Sulphuric acid - - - -+--+--+-s Trace j= seHae-ee- 
Phosphoric acid ---+-+-+-+--- 0.149 Trace 
Water --+--+-+2+ 2+-2%-+e+e+6 3.980 4,38 
100,583 101.09 


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* p 1 i eo oi ¥ w ze - ve ~ ~ gbixe a i Uae i v whl i 
aaa ; pa aha 40 ai ame oh) ee ha - Ay h 
| a f° ~ we Prk ” * ” « “ te oo ded 
> i ; 
‘ Pi vib mr) 4 - — . dy ee lee 
j 
’ ; ‘ ied 7 “~ ae oy ue ~ - a A - 
Cn. Se Si Na es 
SE aA ec a eben une: 


ries | en aoe) oa 


ee is oad 
¢ ¥) i ie ky ghee ~~ - a “ - pe . ss - - 
ei, OM & j n tad " ) j a 
ha if ' ‘ pw" ba ‘mated beieetiniit ie edt fad te Sy boy ag nef ie re antl é gk hae rth ‘ at, F 4 
f J : Ss 
} a ay cys a. pr, ; 4 ‘ P 
- ay i ‘ 
a | ae * i Ma Aa. } a iat , - he i yy 
hy ' , ; 
te 


sete ampie sn Nees eden stinniehcnes 


1 ra 


Per cent Per cent 
iron -<- = s+ we we ste mee 2.562 lh er 
Manganese ---+-*#-+-+-e 7° 52.601 56.58 
Sulphur - - ---+--+-- « -- Trace ~ a 
Phosphorus - -- -----+e+- 0.63 Trace 


")., Averege sample, analyzed by Mr. A. S. McCreath: 
"2, Picked specimen, analyzed by Mr. Henry Pemberton, Jr» 


"The greater part of the ore hes been shipped to the Cambria 
Iron Co. at Johnstown for the manufacture of spiegeleisen.” 


"A sample of the average (iron) ore taken from the wharf of the 
Ironton Railroad Co's. mine No. 182 was analyzed by Mr. David . 
McCreath with the following result: : 


Iron ee ee 6 eee) Sear | ae OR OR a eae ee 26 »400 
Manganese - - - = - - - - - 17.648 
Sulphur - ---+--*+-7+%-- 0.010 
Phosphorus - - ----- - ~ *0,095 
Insoluble residue - - - - - 21.860 


"The low percentage of iron in the sample taken is due to the 
high percentage of manganese." 


The above analysis as given by Prime does not represent a typ- 
icel specimen of ore from the Ironton mines as indicated in the quo- 
tation but an unusually high mangeaniferous specimen. The ore on an 
average contains less than one per cent of manganese. 


When the Ironton mines were operated by Dr. Hartzell, bands of 
manganese ore were encountered several times. One of these which 
was struck about 12 years ago yielded a considerable quantity of good 
ore. It occurred in the form of a lens which had a maximum thickness 
of about four feet, It was carefully followed in the hope that it 
might lead to the discovery of 2 still larger deposit but without 
success. Up to the present no mongenese ore has been found in the 
ploce where mining is now being carried on, although analyses of the 
limonite ores almost invariably show small percentages of mangenese. 


From a 1imonite mine ebout one mile south of Alburtis, Lehigh 
County, Prime*™ describes an ore which contained a large percentage 
of manganese. The analysis is as follows: 


* Prime, Jr., Frederick; Report D, Second Geological Survey of Pa. 
pe 24, 1875, 


wee 
+ ! ® 
: 
. 4 
: ” 
- » % sy) vs j , 
) > 3 
. 
’ } f i} 
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= * 
‘ J t Was i 
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\ 
2, wie ow im pide ged tne shdelng ty 
Acti lad arene i dpeatiatig hf reer 
; 1 a a 
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ory 4 ‘ é a 5 


rai ao oO 
Nan iy. 
PPh ee 


d } oft i eal 
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> . —— al 
*  oneatatiadt ye assis 
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, Y ed ay “3% r iy ; 
“ t Mig i m e LF ‘ aye ee ~ 
; 4 
Y / > ; ~ Che pl dah 
rate (us 7 (chy ir 8 oy “" R ro Ch VEE 
a yi 4 ne* * y ~ tet 


‘ellie by 
fas uk nese agent Re a 


iy ~ 
PL RS tel wy is Ne feo | . 
te ‘ | He 2 
y ] y “ 
r pee “i iy to: re pie at i S bsah: ce a “) a ‘ / 


HS ER OE See GH gnateG: On oy: 


ory) jo | * i rr hel Mt peer hy ps 
| coy c i i si ; athe A “< baad vs ges 


csi ene at GY DPS ERE: Ry 


v . J a a 
4 ¥ PS! { * ds "i fad ] 
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: oie) ha A SD eat ane 


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r 
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aA wT Oe! TH ee if ‘ 4, bay Rar SRY ne Se 


. <p dy ie alata) alte a es 

tr be Loo bad ar ae « ~ 5 pik 

“th rt Lp ee oy. Pits Fre Ms \ nies OY ie 
wore ot He Haw Cues ey rich ie 


~ 


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" Po WwW a ths , 4 in 3] ‘ tae 4) ee 


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ea TR fe ae i ao APs S ae 

yi sithe, am ale De Ry ap eed 
“Nigtor bh. ES Tah ar ae 9 hd th ad Catal Seay 
; R d I 
ys ee ae ‘| wate Aan ¢ a ae i: TA 
ae SThack re | gh rh Lamm wih naib + hd.» beta 
} ey - 


wi dee. sae ey a 
Vt CRE? Se PD NO al Ded tanen Foch 


ee ee ei he of 
Cae Ce te, Dey he a Ia uy ae? 


Analyses of mangeniferous limonite ore from Lehigh County, Pa. 


Alburtis Fogelsville 

per cent per cent 
Iron -=--+-+-+-7+-+e+-7- 44.500 47.000 
Manganese ---+-*-*+--- 9.280 7.464 
Sulphur - ----- - Bet COTS 0.003 
Phosphorus - ------ 0,316 0-650 
Insoluble residue - - - 6.280 4.940 


Although there are a number of old mines in the same region, the 
ore from the others contained less than one per cent of manganese, 
so it is not probable that there is any large amount of the highly 
mangeniferous ores 


Prime cites another locality in Lehigh County, where the limon- 
ite ore was unusually high in its manganese content. The mine, long 
abandoned, is about one mile south of Fogelsville. «An analysis otf 
the ore is given above. 


An analysis of ore from another mine nearby showed 2.952 per 
cent of manganese, although most of the ores mined in thet general 
region contained much less, 

York County. In the limestone valley that extends across York 
County, iron ores have been mined in a great many places. In almost 
every mine the ores show appreciable amounts of manganese on analysis, 
The region was studied by the Second Geological Survey geologists 
when many of the mines were in operation and as the mines have long 
been closed, no recent data can be obtained. Frazer” states that the 
most highly manganiferous limonite ore of York County was obtained 
from Smyser's mine about 1} miles northeast of York. The ore Was 
unusual also in that it contained some barite. Some iron carbonate 
was found in the same mine. An analysis of the arenaceous limonite 
ore, which was the more abundant, gave the following result: 


Analysis of limonite ore from York, Pa. 


Per cent 

Insoluble Silictous residue - - - --“™- - 14.780 
Sesquioxide of iron----------7- + 465285 
Alumina - - - - - i Ae EA ee 2.674 
Manganese seSqnioxide - -+- - - aes of BABAR 
Phosphoric ecidi= 2 °- - =" eis 1.491 
Bary ce ey en el ae ee ee 1.322 
‘Lime - - - - - BARRED in RC |: Sah nt Ohi Neo ihe see 0,240 
Msenesia = - = 2s - = += -7-- 57" 0.256 
CUR: Sait Conor ke ker een ee a A A «stds ee 
101,035 


epetiennee preg neetpenepetenneapee SS 
a - 
Op. Gits., Pe 40 
“ Prager, dr., PB. : Report C, Second Geol. Survey of Pa. pp. 66-66 
1876. 
hae 


loka Lean YT ake, MMR te Popa heat ie 
4 ih. 2 a hed haath OabaS oe shy As EGLos af “ 


Me Ray Er RE Re oh a ae Prot dpwond 
‘ oD aA vi 1 nN J ie i Ley, aa Yet yo ee bes £ Ret Lee ted ew TO: Rane ae . 
to CER Coreh aT 8 Bie ip h 5 one aagorwg Tosi ae 

; yet hes et * ey vee 


> ; ‘ % , ; haa 6) ie Ss} ‘ rn mi A 
: ; 1 ‘ fy Lal .. aye NN ie, + lie by! / fm Ri salhat Pao + f Lh Di nm fi 
: ay dR TRC day) a ae Mae y ee he emu Da F Douce, &H eae ae 
‘ iy | ) ian Uk hae te | | Fi: Age oo Fe! Das Rtas i 5 ome aii 
Py act Aue ‘ ‘ 'y SEL j ey ai K) ee Sit yi Bes) , 
; rat 
7 REPL a heroes tals aT Bt LL SN LEI “BR 
io sihy.k bg 
i { } OPT Le | oR eS te ‘to 
\ 
4 ‘ } Rs { j 
‘ : 
. ‘ 4 + } 
. . . We Pyy'A ‘ 
‘ 7 
hh ee iy. ‘ 
v ’ " ry av 
’ dat ie Wie a'ey 
é ji i " 7 f j 
4 , " a 
a i 2) pa J ‘ 
Lf MEM mes De 
; Bh ay en 4 
, , , ‘a 4 
/ 
y y , 4 2 
‘ ” ¢ 
ay pM aad 4 r 
EN MIA EM te f . 3 ‘ 5 2 EA aA ae 
) | 
| UL aM eareMampict ee CY 
: ‘ ofl rey? | : y ia ae AE 
A my sh ; eo keiew. aa is y i} fe GA 9 bef GE blah isd) yy Pr aan" 
. Ty Ay re tnt Ane ere r i ay ‘ 
‘ var . P , ve TL tk % Ca yt TORE st? rm) : 
' aa } +s , i ‘ ; Ast oA f - re we ROT mae : 
, ‘ ; ed . - ha, ty A * ” ¢ ~ pee rive = asin i 
. - of b A / 
pais ; , . s a ‘= a ra ror he 7. bee ‘ x ~ a mae}: sungazalh " rn 
rs! oe P . ; i i VeiAg, 
Cw A ‘3 « ‘ ee a “ » oa Me if 
r ty : é r 
73 Seaton chguitan nae 
‘ A 


rh Lh rel A sdeipee . 


aah 


arr . " 


This corresponded to: 


Per cent 
Metallic iron - ---+-+-+-+- + - 324400 
Metallic manganese ------ - 15.934 
Sulphur -- ---+-+--+-+-- - - 0,027 
Phosphorus ---+-+-+-+-+-+-- - 0.651 


Another mine about one mile south of Hanover, York County, 1 
furnished some ore which was high in manganese. aA picked sample 
yielded on analysis 5.070 per cent of manganese. The specimen, how- 
ever, does not seem to have been typical. 


Manganese beposits Associated with Magnetite and Hematite Ores. 


Throughout the area of crystalline rocks that occupy the south- 
eastern part of the State there are numerous occurrences of magnetite 
iron ores which, in the past, supplied a number of local blast 
furnaces, The magnetite occurs in lenticular masses within the 
gneisses and parallel to the banding of enclosing rocks. The ores 
are believed to have been formed by magmatic segregation in the 
original igneous rocks, ‘but have undergone considerable subsequent 
alterations. 


In many places the magnetite ores contain appreciable quantities 
of manganese as indicated by the following analyses made by A. S- 
McCreath of ores collected from magnetite mines formerly worked in 
Berks County. 
Analyses of manganese ores from Berks County, fa. 
a a 3 4 5 
Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent 


Metallic iron - - = 59,100 29.600 24.650 41.900 27 «250 


Metallic manganese- 7.607 Le BOLL Lde4 2.478 6619 
Alumina - - - - - - mo rap 1,501 3.787 --- 
Lime ~- -=----- ir sae 25,410 3.880 = 
Magnesia ---- - aw eye 4,396 1,048 nh 
Sulphur - --- - - 0.000 Menke’ (3128 e175 154 
Phosphorus «<< ~- 068 » 044 024 .055 -058 
BINS oa te G Gr iS .860 20.750... 102100 «18.610 34.010 


1, Ore from Clymer mine, 15 miles southeast of Pricetown. 
2. Ore from Talley mine, Oley Township. 
3, Hard ore from Guiterman mine, Gehman tract, Seisholtzville, 


4-5. Soft ores from Guiterman mine, Gehman tract, Seisholtzville. 


Rone Cit. pp. 41-42 
a) es 


a. ar 
esr 4, Vs 
ine 
7 

i 
Prey 
are 


‘eh Liy add ¢ 


abies Lonias: 


paren 


hyo olde Bier buna “pedine 


CTOY, g BROOM RE TR PERS 
¢ A geRoueiioa th ard Sow, SOLAW GRO as08 bye Ht 
AED: RE NR Ge RD: RD CRG: ghey tans oe) 
: LOO Ee CHT OTR a Be Ce (Fait 2 ‘ea 
one ni ae Reh Suge aL a ott. Bs (ie, Ces | 2 ouput a 
owen - ny eed oa dm he 1° Aaah ditions fale intr tratn eet ‘ “ sds a earl gan oR ae OO SS TN gi , i me ft 
. . . ‘ , 0 . 
ny oi Hes byes Otte t Lae eo te 0 Bee th. ‘oar sd ancora. 
Beal VLIODD Aan OTM OO STO weave seh Bo ¢ ten uni’ 
Kaoed ba med a Dae : Ceroure eEq oe ai a bit Get) 
fu some ier. “inl yGead sie Me Beh Oe oe a cee eet py sats As al > 
* 7A +. it Se { hie? Biles. q ‘ p. at dard fis. ie Letiisag as es) ace 
Soest eRe oR ol vacuo CO Bako h game dy ae OF baw eo 
2 wy ep hpaweo areok Te Die. ay 2 hash aGot Quostai + 
. - i i. tile 
: \ ‘ 4S We 
n ty f Ta ais t i a 
Pets ome Ce Mase OS AS yo, a) ht OOS Go ar. baslos q {fee BA ny i 
sane ‘sony fads wa kORLOS. “att % hotsolbet. BA Ge oMss epi 
ahs ok % fh, , 
VT Ete Ok | it ET oAME IO a bod oe ltas eeto 10 Bees 
rant R a5 node 
4 
bn NOU ho OS ff gayvt eats. 6eR am age ‘Bi ae at ; 
n it NS oe . 
e ra % * us wren a) "ht i, uf at 7, { oh s 4 oh fe > ; SS, ; . 
COR, Li DEG .25 Kn GA QOL GG ee oat oh! 
‘ 2 { rt ak rita a f fi Pe ’ 4 i 0:3 * y je “gay dngst en - atte el 
~ Wr ; Y i f et ; t Ma , Ps 7 ie ” Ry . ” eek & 
; rs ry ts ‘ a % orrwer inde! in 0a all Ee 
Rik Y f i 1, Hee th hate. mney, wil sie \e i” UF “ ™ 
at j + cr a / ig, fi, O00 f wh an 1a s ne r if 4 
Als Peet ae gan CO Lis hid 7m 8 
O Lace POTAOE 2) 30a vetee oa NN Ne ia 
A tA : ; pi : { bi 4, ; foe Aly wa , 
uhet on Ht 4 oa. 2 : : : 
nwotook th to wetedenow eelin et‘, aii ha agi fen 
i 
\ 


- 


f 


(ni0e,., dower cit, evade 


+ 


Ga 


sat dere of} 


In a few localities where manganiferous magnetite ore bodies 
have been exposed to weathering, some small deposits of fairly pure 
Manganese orés have been discovered, although none of economic im- 
portance is known. In sinking a shaft recently at the magnetite ; 
mine near the Falls of French Creek, Chester County, a small body of 
wad was struck near the base of the residual clay which was here over 
40 feet in depth. The material when dry became a fine powder. No 
attempt was made to determine the extent of the deposit as it was not 
believed to Be of any commercial consequence. 


While carrying on investigations to determine the size of the 
hematite ore body opened by the Manatawny Bessemer Ore Company, at 
their property near Manatawny, Berks County, a deposit of black 
powdery wad was discovered a few years ago, It was drilled 20 feet 
in two horizontal directions at right angles, according to Dr. PG 
Wherry, without reaching anything different. It is unfortunate that 
at that time further exploration was not carried on to ascertain the 
dimensions and character of the deposit. 


Manganese Deposits Unassociated with Iron Ores. 


In a few places in the State manganese minerals are found 
unassociated with iron ores. Two deposits are worthy of brief 
description despite the lack of much definite information regarding 
their commercial possibilities. 


About three-quarters of a mile west of Joanna Station, Berks 
County, abundant mamillary concretions of psilomelane occur in an 
arkosie sandstone of Triassic age, The concretions are a few inches 
in diameter and are fairly pure except for the occasional quartz 
pebbles which they enclose, A few shallow test pits were dug there 
about 10 years ago but without discovering any richer deposits. 


In the report on the geology of Susquehanna and Wayne counties 
by I. C. White” is the follow*ng paragraph regarding manganese de- 
posits in Susquehanna County: "The Chemung Rocks which line the 
valley of the Susquehanna, as well as those of the Lower Catskill 
above them, contain considerable quantities of binoxide of manganese 
disseminated in small particles; and in some instances it has been 
carried down into the bogs and deposited in the shape of wad; at one 
of these localities near Great Bend, several tons of this material 
were once mined and shipped on the Erie R. E." 


Deposits of the kind described are probably rare except in the 
glaciated sections of the State, particularly the northeastern 
counties, where small lakes, ponds, and swamps are numerous, There 
is little liklihood that large deposits of this character will be 
found, 


a he 
White, I. ©. Report G5, Second Geol. Survey of Pa. , pp. 93-94, 188i. 


nL) ins 


SE iy ant 


. 
W. an 
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ead 
4 
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5 
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ae PC Me} ie . 


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Pine 


A BR RE ae tidy ese Rs tn onl ge Beat Og: BBOY bay 
\ Ree thee ORI RS yt i 4. Gnd. Io. 2 “tts OUP “f ont 
NaS, «AEG ty go twod Los Sit at. ese ve a 
Pr. an MNES rose LO MMEL TCA Oe Du is 8 ga: Pease Abe BUG . ge a: 3) hk 
7 7 nc Yaad 4 iu mh: ED ebay i Dig ahaa ehek py Sita ‘ono: Xo. ‘ 
i q 4 . oh | rey 4 ay f AB he AG iA GHD EY. Se nie} 153: ‘ mont 
TOT AiO teas WB Ae Land ie Esa ecb cet 
i 7 § pee Dt meh ae has BAOG (2 siscaite ‘oon RWOh. 


eit isa eet bg Poy ee 
cede: Ap ta eae (ae: BAS BOO o 4m dh 


, 
ode Re ed ek ae 


An : 
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‘g 4 4 it Lies “Ani i 
td he aa " aah aa! a3? : AP iy, eee ii o. 
bide SL Lag dagor aki if cea 
i a & Ue 4 ye ER nee, 


taal 
ei ae a “anteet eh. ep 
ee dike See One He URINE ie ae at. oe 


: baie ro ao iene wae i pekieredinby. pete 
As TSG pen hater ie en butagg yawn ie 


; 4 1 ray. ee Fae bald ¢ S 4 he a) 4 le 
Meigitinn, Sh dr alha, Numer iron yo 1+ f , 7a ied APR i* Sy ote By bidiar 
‘ ate doe kd iy ‘ wey it 13 
ri ‘ ry t ae t yy { z i 
4 f wer Pe m “ 
f at ony a : i he 7 R 1 cy . 
, , ‘ , ; 
ot f hs hts il Rae rch 
i an Fe Lay eT as tem Wo ee ts "ta0ns We 
‘ " ; fi egseh ik: 3. } Pade ? 
; *P sty 2 Ty ewe 7 Ade ae ot WLS OTe oe nt 
0 ‘ (ar AB ’ Fat by ue % * z is Je “k “ 5a 8 x ) ir 4 iat mys hi Wiehe y 
ere ry Sela pn Pn K spa 4 
Wh A eRe ED Tat Bo Bae Gis LY go er) het erie B nee e4) 
ARISE? hap pie at secs oh I hg A | ins 
_“ ‘ , rh a 2 a4 . / - § 
sient eatnh-mnsidilflinea ender On gh Reign ata Rae Rte Meee mia ‘ 


eS OUSLY SS MR TE SAMY ch Oa Mee ee aD raat H af 
, ES IE ROGER OIL te et. oe cay Lids kes 

a Be WOR Ee ode VOTE SO) RA Ree toe tga nh gph 
hE SS tem Diba oem 


th Pichia Ltr a Ava anes ‘tenps om tlt read 
a ; : 4 oy ta ae FE LOS. NC Mh Det ren Sie Der nhhan’ ne 

oe) datbssdhakoniuist aap Pec may Ost eb a “jaan aes ides 

CARA ASO ORO TO a AG cate Ne mh ae wae ot Lori coms A | 


i oe | wee ae Vile By Xa Nae ie ; : 
LA a i | ofa Coma Ra £4, w RR wn Mea Te eae Wadd. Hoty! 


od As OF AE AME. TOD 20 wee sorreeovd bi. 
ie ER BS a ie Beats ne oe Decie 9 


toes Wed oag) oie Hod taowae, babs ‘ete Neg adreg 


Bre } HM a “ Ui keg aes UDG Dg RAC hes & 3 i fas Tai «4 
is 5 > ines tie Sloat aap, Rogie has i 


- ops ( ‘ee oI yh) hone, siiidi ony Hernan 


Future of the Manganese Mining Industry in Eastern Pennsylvania. 


The above account of a few localities where manganese minerals 
are known to occur is not especially encouraging and does not seem 
to warrant extensive exploratory work for the purpose of discovering 
richer deposits. However, it must be recalled that practically all 
the data which we now possess concerning the manganese deposits of 
the State were obtained indirectly while searching for iron ores. 
Under these conditions some occurrences, much more important than 
the ones enumerated, may have been overlooked. 


The future status of manganese mining throughout the entire 
country is to be determined during the next few years. If it 
develops that low grade domestic ores can successfully compete with 
higher grade foreign ores, it may be well to investigate further 
some of the Pennsylvania localities but for the present the prospect 
of an important manganese mining industry is not promising. 


ahs by ae 


LN 


3 0112 077640628 


